sejarah perkembangan koperasi di indonesia dan dunia

Pertumbuhan koperasi di Indonesia dimulai sejak tahun 1896 (Ahmed

1964, h. 57) yang selanjutnya berkembang dari waktu ke waktu sampai

sekarang. Perkembangan koperasi di Indonesia mengalami pasang naik

dan turun dengan titik berat lingkup kegiatan usaha secara menyeluruh yang

berbeda-beda dari waktu ke waktu sesuai dengan iklim lingkungannya.

Jikalau pertumbuhan koperasi yang pertama di Indonesia menekankan pada

kegiatan simpan-pinjam (Soedjono 1983, h.7) maka selanjutnya tumbuh pula

koperasi yang menekankan pada kegiatan penyediaan barang-barang

konsumsi dan dan kemudian koperasi yang menekankan pada kegiatan

penyediaan barang-barang untuk keperluan produksi. Perkembangan

koperasi dari berbagai jenis kegiatan usaha tersebut selanjutnya ada

kecenderungan menuju kepada suatu bentuk koperasi yang memiliki

beberapa jenis kegiatan usaha. Koperasi serba usaha ini mengambil

langkah-langkah kegiatan usaha yang paling mudah mereka kerjakan terlebih

dulu, seperti kegiatan penyediaan barang-barang keperluan produksi

bersama-sama dengan kegiatan simpan-pinjam ataupun kegiatan

penyediaan barang-barang keperluan konsumsi bersama-sama dengan

kegiatan simpan-pinjam dan sebagainya (Masngudi 1989, h. 1-2).

Pertumbuhan koperasi di Indonesia dipelopori oleh R. Aria Wiriatmadja patih

di Purwokerto (1896), mendirikan koperasi yang bergerak dibidang simpanpinjam.

Untuk memodali koperasi simpan- pinjam tersebut di samping

banyak menggunakan uangnya sendiri, beliau juga menggunakan kas mesjid

yang dipegangnya (Djojohadikoesoemo, 1940, h 9). Setelah beliau

mengetahui bahwa hal tersebut tidak boleh, maka uang kas mesjid telah

dikembalikan secara utuh pada posisi yang sebenarnya.

Kegiatan R Aria Wiriatmadja dikembangkan lebih lanjut oleh De Wolf

Van Westerrode asisten Residen Wilayah Purwokerto di Banyumas. Ketika

ia cuti ke Eropa dipelajarinya cara kerja wolksbank secara Raiffeisen

(koperasi simpan-pinjam untuk kaum tani) dan Schulze-Delitzsch (koperasi simpan-pinjam untuk kaum buruh di kota) di Jerman. Setelah ia kembali dari

cuti melailah ia mengembangkan koperasi simpan-pinjam sebagaimana telah

dirintis oleh R. Aria Wiriatmadja . Dalam hubungan ini kegiatan simpanpinjam

yang dapat berkembang ialah model koperasi simpan-pinjam lumbung

dan modal untuk itu diambil dari zakat.

Selanjutnya Boedi Oetomo yang didirikan pada tahun 1908

menganjurkan berdirinya koperasi untuk keperluan rumah tangga. Demikian

pula Sarikat Islam yang didirikan tahun 1911 juga mengembangkan koperasi

yang bergerak di bidang keperluan sehari-hari dengan cara membuka tokotoko

koperasi. Perkembangan yang pesat dibidang perkoperasian di

Indonesia yang menyatu dengan kekuatan social dan politik menimbulkan

kecurigaan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Oleh karenanya Pemerintah Hindia

Belanda ingin mengaturnya tetapi dalam kenyataan lebih cenderung menjadi

suatu penghalang atau penghambat perkembangan koperasi. Dalam

hubungan ini pada tahun 1915 diterbitkan Ketetapan Raja no. 431 yang berisi

antara lain :

a. Akte pendirian koperasi dibuat secara notariil;

b. Akte pendirian harus dibuat dalam Bahasa Belanda;

c. Harus mendapat ijin dari Gubernur Jenderal;

dan di samping itu diperlukan biaya meterai f 50.

Pada akhir Rajab 1336H atau 1918 K.H. Hasyim Asy’ari Tebuireng

Jombang mendirikan koperasi yang dinamakan “Syirkatul Inan” atau disingkat

(SKN) yang beranggotakan 45 orang. Ketua dan sekaligus sebagai manager

adalah K.H. Hasyim Asy ‘ari. Sekretaris I dan II adalah K.H. Bishri dan Haji

Manshur. Sedangkan bendahara Syeikh Abdul WAhab Tambakberas di

mana branndkas dilengkapi dengan 5 macam kunci yang dipegang oleh 5

anggota. Mereka bertekad, dengan kelahiran koperasi ini unntuk dijadikan

periode “nahdlatuttijar” . Proses permohonan badan hukum direncanakan

akan diajukan setelah antara 2 sampai dengan 3 tahun berdiri.

Berbagai ketentuan dan persyaratan sebagaimana dalam ketetapan

Raja no 431/1915 tersebut dirasakan sangat memberatkan persyaratan berdiriya koperasi. Dengan demikian praktis peraturan tersebut dapat

dipandang sebagai suatu penghalang bagi pertumbuhan koperasi di

Indonesia, yang mengundang berbagai reaksi. Oleh karenanya maka pada

tahun 1920 dibentuk suatu ‘Komisi Koperasi’ yang dipimpin oleh DR. J.H.

Boeke yang diberi tugas neneliti sampai sejauh mana keperluan penduduk

Bumi Putera untuk berkoperasi.

Menurut Robert  l heiboner  ada 3 cara bagi masyarakat untuk memecahkan masalah ekonomi yang mereka hadapi yaitu cara :

1.       Mengorgnisir masyarakat menurut tradisi

2.       Mengorganisir masyarakat dengan komando

3.       Mengoganisir mjasyarakat menurut pasar

Pada akhir 1980-an koperasi dunia mulai gelisah dengan proses globalisasi dan liberalisasi ekonomi dimana-mana, sehingga berbagai langkah pengkajian ulang kekuatan koperasi dilakukan. Hingga tahun 1992 Kongres ICA di Tokyo melalui pidato Presiden ICA (Lars Marcus) masih melihat perlunya koperasi melihat pengalaman swasta, bahkan laporan Sven Akheberg menganjurkan agar koperasi mengikuti layaknya “private enterprise”. Namun dalam perdebatan Tokyo melahirkan kesepakatan untuk mendalami kembali semangat koperasi dan mencari kekuatan gerakan koperasi serta kembali kepada sebab di dirikannya koperasi. Sepuluh tahun kemudian Presiden ICA saat ini Roberto Barberini menyatakan koperasi harus hidup dalam suasana untuk mendapatkan perlakuan yang sama “equal treatment” sehingga apa yang dapat dikerjakan oleh perusahaan lain juga harus terbuka bagi koperasi (ICA, 2002). Koperasi kuat karena menganut “established for last”.

Pada akhir 1980-an koperasi dunia mulai gelisah dengan proses globalisasi dan liberalisasi ekonomi dimana-mana, sehingga berbagai langkah pengkajian ulang kekuatan koperasi dilakukan. Hingga tahun 1992 Kongres ICA di Tokyo melalui pidato Presiden ICA (Lars Marcus) masih melihat perlunya koperasi melihat pengalaman swasta, bahkan laporan Sven Akheberg menganjurkan agar koperasi mengikuti layaknya “private enterprise”. Namun dalam perdebatan Tokyo melahirkan kesepakatan untuk mendalami kembali semangat koperasi dan mencari kekuatan gerakan koperasi serta kembali kepada sebab di dirikannya koperasi. Sepuluh tahun kemudian Presiden ICA saat ini Roberto Barberini menyatakan koperasi harus hidup dalam suasana untuk mendapatkan perlakuan yang sama “equal treatment” sehingga apa yang dapat dikerjakan oleh perusahaan lain juga harus terbuka bagi koperasi (ICA, 2002). Koperasi kuat karena menganut “established for last”.

Sumber referensi : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi

Upgrade to windows 8 !

Step 1 Preparation
Please run Windows Update first before install the upgrade. (This step will require a connection to the Internet)
1.1	Press Start 　　　→ All Programs. When the program list shows, find “Windows Update” and click to execute.
1.2	Click “Check for updates” to download the necessary updates.
1.3	Windows Update is checking updates…
1.4	Install updates for your system.
1.5	Some of the updates will require you to restart the computer. Please follow the instruction and re-start your computer. Repeat step 1.1-1.4 to obtain all essential updates until no new important updates are available.

 

Step 2 Installing Windows 8
2.1	Upgrade option only works by Microsoft Windows 8 upgrade plan. Please confirm your current Microsoft Windows 7 version. If you are not sure, you can click “Start → Control → Panel → System” to see your current Microsoft Windows system. Besides that, you will also need a DVD or BD reading device.
2.2	Insert the Windows 8 Installation Disc* in your DVD or BD reading device. Wait for the AutoPlay windows to pop up. Click “Run setup.exe” to continue.
	You should obtain this installation disc though Microsoft Windows 8 Upgrade Program or a direct purchase of the retail box package. GIGABYTE will NOT deliver such disc to consumers.
2.3	Windows 8 Installation will be prepared.
2.4	Before the installation, Windows will require you to type in the product Key. You should find your product key in your disc package. (If not, please contact your disc providers.)
2.5	Check the “I accept the license terms” to continue.
2.6	Choose what kind of upgrade you want and click “Next”. Please plug your AC adaptor to proceed. Please DO NOT take out the disc from DVD player before the installation is completed.
2.7	Windows will check if your system is ready to upgrade.
2.8	Windows will notice if any Microsoft program is not yet compatible with Windows 8.
2.9	Uninstall the program and follow instruction by Windows 8 setup.

 

Step 3 Complete the Windows 8 Installation
3.1	According the upgrade type you choose at step 2.6, windows may (not) direct you to personalize setup.
3.2	Once the Windows 8 desktop shows, your upgrade is complete.
Welcome to Windows 8!

how to fix scratched dvd

Step 1: Scratched CD's/ DVD's

You’ve probably seen other videos that show you how to repair CDs and DVDs. But I’m going to show you the best, tried, and true method.

Here’s a DVD that’s so badly scratched, it won’t even play.

Step 2: Method

Now, in the method you want to use toothpaste, but not the gel type. Just use the regular old toothpaste. Get this toothpaste and squeeze a bit of toothpaste on one spot on the DVD.

Use a soft cloth and begin moving the toothpaste in circular motions around the outside of the disc spreading the paste evenly.

As you go back and forth, begin applying more pressure. Continue to do this until the paste is almost dry. Then rinse the excess paste off the DVD with waterand then dry the disc with your cloth.

Step 3: The Secret

Now here’s the secret; it's called Calmar based car polish. It will make your CD or DVD play as good as new. Just wipe the car polish on the DVD, let it dry, and then polish iit up.

I’m not just going to show you a clean disc. I’m actually going to prove that this works. You can see how clean this badly scratched DVD now looks.

Thanks for watching video The Best Way To Fix Scratched DVDs Or CDs

How to fix Web pages that print too small

Reader Tammy wrote in with this hassle:

"Whenever I try to print a page from the Internet, the size of the print and the photos is extremely small and difficult to read. I do not have this problem with Word documents."

Tammy says she uses Windows 8, but neglected to specify which browser--so I'm going to assume Internet Explorer.
Let me be the first to note that Internet Explorer can be terrible when it comes to printing. On my Windows 8 system, for example, I went to any number of pages on Microsoft's MSN (the default site for IE), then loaded Print Preview. The result every single time: several pages of little more than links, with none of the actual text of the story I was viewing.
But that's not Tammy's issue. (It's Microsoft's. And it's ridiculous.) When printed Web pages come out too small, the likely culprit is the Shrink to Fit option, which Internet Explorer uses by default to try to squeeze all the elements of a Web page onto a sheet of paper--often at the expense of proper sizing.
Thankfully, it's easy enough to fix. Here's how:

1. In Internet Explorer, while viewing the page you want to print, click the little gear icon in the upper-right corner, then choose Print, Print Preview.
2. In the preview window that appears, notice that in the toolbar's print-size selector, the default setting is Shrink to Fit. Click that pull-down and choose 100%.
3. Now you should see bigger text and photos. If everything looks good, go ahead and click the printer icon to proceed with printing. If not, click the selector again and choose a different zoom setting.
It's worth noting that your printer drivers might be a factor here as well. If you press Ctrl-P and access the printer's properties/settings, you can look for a zoom setting that might be overriding the browser's settings.
You may also want to look for a Print or "printer-friendly" option on the page you're viewing, which will usually strip away the extraneous graphics, ads, and whatnot that can fudge up the formatting (and cause smaller-than-desirable print).
Finally, if you're a Chrome user, check out the Print Friendly extension, which gives you much greater control over all the Web pages you print.
Contributing Editor Rick Broida writes about business and consumer technology. Ask for help with your PC hassles at hasslefree@pcworld.com, or try the treasure trove of helpful folks in the PCWorld Forums. Sign up to have the Hassle-Free PC newsletter e-mailed to you each week.

Noun and Clause

Noun Clauses

See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause. A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.
A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)
There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)
This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses.

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A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:
A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:

What Billy did shocked his friends.

A noun clause can be an object of a verb:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

A noun clause can be a subject complement:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:

Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:

Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

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B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:
To change a statement to a noun clause use that:

I know + Billy made a mistake =

I know that Billy made a mistake.

To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:

George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =

George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.

To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:

I don’t know + Where is George? =

I don’t know where George is.

C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:

that

if, whether

Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why

Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever

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D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:
correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.

correct:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

correct:

Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.

correct:

That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

not correct:

* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

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E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:
not correct:

* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)

correct:

Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)

not correct:

* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)

correct:

Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)

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F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:
When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is:

future if its action/state is later

He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.

He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.

present if its action/state is at the same time

He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.

past if its action/state is earlier

He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:

was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later

He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.

He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.

past if its action/state is at the same time

He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.

past perfect if its action/state is earlier

He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.

If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.

The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.

If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.

We learned that English is not easy.

The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.

---

G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:
Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:

That George learned how to swim is a miracle.

Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.

What Mary said confused her parents.

However you learn to spell is OK with me.

Noun clauses as objects of verbs:

We didn’t know that Billy would jump.

We didn’t know Billy would jump.

Can you tell me if Fred is here?

I don’t know where he is.

George eats whatever is on his plate.

Noun clauses as subject complements:

The truth is that Billy was not very smart.

The truth is Billy was not very smart.

The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.

The winner will be whoever runs fastest.

Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:

Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.

He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.

Noun clauses as adjective complements:

He is happy that he is learning English.

We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.

Direct speech - indirect speech

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:

Direct Speech this = ini these = ini come = datang here = di sini, ke sini hence = dari sini hither = ke tempat ini ago = yang lalu now = sekarang today = hari ini tomorrow = besok yesterday = kemarin last night = tadi malam next week = minggu depan thus = begini contoh : He said, “I will come here”.

Indirect Speech that = itu those = itu go = pergi there = di sana, ke sana thence = dari sana thither = ke tempat itu before = lebih dahulu then = pada waktu itu that day = hari itu next day = hari berikutnya the previous day = sehari sebelumnya the previous night = semalam sebelumnya the following week = minggu berikutnya so = begitu He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.

Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita

Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb - Reported speech

Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.

Direct He said to me, “Where are you going?” He said to me, “What are you doing?”

Indirect He asked me where I was going He inquired of me what I was doing

b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :

Direct He said to me, “Are you going away today?” He asked me , “can you come along?”

Indirect He asked me whether I was going away that day. He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.

· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.

· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.

· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).

· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

a) Command :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”